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In a small rural town, there is a vibrant agricultural market where numerous local farmers gather to sell their fresh produce. Each farmer grows the same type of organic tomatoes. The tomatoes are identical in quality, size, and taste. Buyers have access to information about the market, including the current market price for tomatoes. Which of the following statement/s is/are correct? In the long run equilibrium in a perfectly competitive market, local farmers are operating at i. the minimum of their average variable curve. ii. zero economic profit. iii. the intersection of the marginal cost and average total cost curves. iv. supernormal profits. a) Only i, ii, ii, iv b) Only i and iv c) Only iii d) Only ii QUESTION

Answer In a perfectly competitive market, the statement that is correct in the long-run equilibrium is that local farmers are operating at the intersection of the marginal cost and average total cost curves (iii). This is because in the long-run,

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Sarah owns the only bakery in a small town, and she specializes in a unique type of pastry that has gained immense popularity. Due to high demand and limited competition, Sarah has a virtual monopoly on this pastry. As a result, she can set the price at a level that maximizes her profits. Sarah is currently the sole provider of this pastry in the town, giving her significant market power in the short run. The Figure below relates to the short-run monopoly equilibrium of Sarah’s bakery. Use the figure to answer question 4 and 5 The monopolist profit per unit is equal to a) R100. b) R250. c) R280. d) R460. QUESTION 5 The total cost of the monopolist is equal to a) R28 000. b) R45 000. c) R18 000. d) R25 000.

Answer: Short-Run Monopoly Equilibrium of Sarah’s Bakery Sarah owns the only bakery in a small town, and she specializes in a unique type of pastry that has gained immense popularity. Due to high demand and limited competition, Sarah has a

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QUESTION 18 (4 Marks) 18. Use the diagram below to answer the question. The diagram depicts a decrease in the demand for pies on a campus. If at the same time there was a rent increase for food outlets on campus, then in comparison with the original equilibrium E0, there would be: a) an increase in equilibrium price and quantity. b) an increase in equilibrium quantity but a decrease in price. c) a decrease in equilibrium quantity but an increase in price. d) a decrease in equilibrium quantity but an indeterminate effect on price. QUESTION

Answer: Decrease in Demand for Pies on Campus When there is a decrease in the demand for pies on campus, the quantity of pies and the price of pies will decrease in comparison with the original equilibrium, E0. This is

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QUESTION 1 (4 Marks) 1) Which of the following statements is/ are correct i. At the maximum point of the total product curve, average product is equal to zero. ii. Total product start by increasing at an increasing rate and then increase at a decreasing rate as the amount of the variable factor is changed in the short run. iii. When marginal product is at its maximum point, marginal cost is at its minimum value. a) Only ii and iii. b) Only ii. c) Only i and iii. d) Only i, ii, iii and iv

Answer: Which of the following statements is/are correct? The correct answer is Only ii and iii. Explanation The total product curve is a graphical representation of the total output of a firm as it increases its use of variable factors,

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QUESTION 25 (4 Marks) 25. Use the diagram below to answer the question. The diagram depicts an increase in the demand for wine, following research reports highlighting the benefits of its consumption to one’s health. If at the same time there were a strike by workers on wine farms, then in comparison with the original equilibrium E0, there would be a) an increase in equilibrium price and quantity. b) an increase in equilibrium quantity but a decrease in price. c) a decrease in equilibrium quantity but an increase in price. d) an increase in equilibrium price but an indeterminate effect on quantity. END OF

Answer: Equilibrium Price and Quantity Change Following a Strike by Workers on Wine Farms Following research reports highlighting the benefits of wine consumption to one’s health, the demand for wine increases. If at the same time there were a strike

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QUESTION 24 (4 Marks) 24. This question refers to the figure below which shows the price, marginal cost, and average cost curves facing a perfectly competitive firm in the short run. Total costs to the profit-maximising firm in the short run are: a) R960 b) R1 200 c) greater than R1 200. d) R720

Answer: Total Costs to the Profit-Maximising Firm in the Short Run The figure below shows the price, marginal cost, and average cost curves facing a perfectly competitive firm in the short run. The total costs to the profit-maximising firm in

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QUESTION 24 (4 Marks) 24. This question refers to the figure below which shows the price, marginal cost, and average cost curves facing a perfectly competitive firm in the short run. Total costs to the profit-maximising firm in the short run are: a) R960 b) R1 200 c) greater than R1 200. d) R720

Answer: Total costs to the profit-maximising firm in the short run are greater than R1 200. This is because the total cost of production is the sum of the total fixed cost and the total variable cost. The total fixed

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23. This question refers to the figure below which shows the price, marginal cost, and average cost curves facing a perfectly competitive firm in the short run. What is the firm’s profit-maximising daily output in the short run? a) 100 units b) 140 units c) 80 units d) 60 units

Answer: What is the Firm’s Profit-Maximising Daily Output in the Short Run? The firm’s profit-maximising daily output in the short run is 80 units. The price (P) is higher than the average cost (AC) and the marginal cost (MC) so

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QUESTION 23 (4 Marks) 23. This question refers to the figure below which shows the price, marginal cost, and average cost curves facing a perfectly competitive firm in the short run. What is the firm’s profit-maximising daily output in the short run? a) 100 units b) 140 units c) 80 units d) 60 units

Answer: Profit Maximising Output for a Perfectly Competitive Firm in the Short Run The figure below shows the price, marginal cost, and average cost curves facing a perfectly competitive firm in the short run. The profit-maximising daily output for a

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QUESTION 22 (4 Marks) 22. In a perfectly competitive market for widgets, the market price is R15. Use the cost information for a firm producing widgets in this market given in the table below and answer the question. This firm should: a) break even. b) shut down. c) minimise losses by producing 1 widget. d) maximise profits by producing 8 widgets.

Answer: Perfectly Competitive Markets A perfectly competitive market is one in which there are many firms producing identical products. All firms are so small relative to the market that they have no influence over the market price. In this situation,

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QUESTION 22 (4 Marks) 22. In a perfectly competitive market for widgets, the market price is R15. Use the cost information for a firm producing widgets in this market given in the table below and answer the question. This firm should: a) break even. b) shut down. c) minimise losses by producing 1 widget. d) maximise profits by producing 8 widgets.

Answer: Perfectly Competitive Market for Widgets In a perfectly competitive market for widgets, the market price is R15. The cost information for a firm producing widgets in this market is given in the table below. Based on this information, the

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QUESTION 21 (4 Marks) 21. The following table represents the short-run total cost schedule of an energy drink manufacturer. Study the following table, and then answer the question. When output increases from 30 to 80 bottles of mineral water, the marginal cost of producing one of those 50 bottles of mineral water is a) R5 b) R6 c) R12,50 d) R20

Answer: The Marginal Cost of Producing 50 Bottles of Mineral Water The table provided represents the short-run total cost schedule of an energy drink manufacturer. It shows the total cost associated with the production of varying output amounts of mineral

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QUESTION 20 (4 Marks) 20. The following table indicates the demand for airline tickets between Durban and Cape Town for business travellers and holiday travellers. Assume that the price increases from R3 500 to R4 000. The difference between the price elasticity for business travellers and the price elasticity for holiday travellers is because business travellers travelling between Durban and Cape Town, airline tickets are more of a necessity than for holiday travellers. Therefore, price elasticity for business travellers is ————————— compared to the price elasticity for holiday travellers. a) Inelastic b) Elastic c) Unitary elastic d) Perfectly elastic

Answer: Price Elasticity for Business Travellers compared to Holiday Travellers The price elasticity of demand refers to how the demand for a good or service changes in response to a change in its price. Business travellers travelling between Durban and

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QUESTION 19 (4 Marks) 19. The following table shows the demand curve facing Jack’s Enterprise a monopolist who produces at a constant marginal cost of R5. Complete the table below and answer the question that follows Price Quantity TR MR 30 0 25 6 20 12 15 18 10 24 5 30 0 36 Calculate the firm’s economic profit. a) R270 b) R180 c) R210 d) R240

Answer The economic profit for Jack’s Enterprise is R240. This is calculated by taking the total revenue (TR) minus the total cost (TC), which in this case is the constant marginal cost (MC) multiplied by the quantity. The total revenue

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QUESTION 18 (4 Marks) 18. Use the diagram below to answer the question. The diagram depicts a decrease in the demand for pies on a campus. If at the same time there was a rent increase for food outlets on campus, then in comparison with the original equilibrium E0, there would be: a) an increase in equilibrium price and quantity. b) an increase in equilibrium quantity but a decrease in price. c) a decrease in equilibrium quantity but an increase in price. d) a decrease in equilibrium quantity but an indeterminate effect on price.

Answer: Analysis of the Effect of Rent Increase on Demand for Pies If there was a rent increase for food outlets on campus, then in comparison with the original equilibrium E0, there would be a decrease in equilibrium quantity but

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21. The following table represents the short-run total cost schedule of an energy drink manufacturer. Study the following table, and then answer the question. When output increases from 30 to 80 bottles of mineral water, the marginal cost of producing one of those 50 bottles of mineral water is a) R5 b) R6 c) R12,50 d) R20

Answer The marginal cost of producing one of the 50 bottles of mineral water when output increases from 30 to 80 bottles is R6. Explanation The marginal cost of producing one additional unit of output is the additional cost incurred

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QUESTION 17 (4 Marks) 17. Suppose you are a manager at a local coffee shop, and you have recently raised the price of café lattes from R15 to R20 per cup. When the price of café lattes rises from R15 to R20, the quantity demanded decreases from 2000 to 1200 café lattes per day. Use this information to answer the question. How would you classify the demand for café lattes, as calculated above? a) Price inelastic b) Unitarily price elastic c) Price elastic d) Perfectly price elastic

Answer The demand for café lattes, as calculated above, is price elastic. Price elasticity of demand is a measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to a change in its price. When the price of café

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QUESTION 20 (4 Marks) 20. The following table indicates the demand for airline tickets between Durban and Cape Town for business travellers and holiday travellers. Assume that the price increases from R3 500 to R4 000. The difference between the price elasticity for business travellers and the price elasticity for holiday travellers is because business travellers travelling between Durban and Cape Town, airline tickets are more of a necessity than for holiday travellers. Therefore, price elasticity for business travellers is compared to the price elasticity for holiday travellers. a) Inelastic b) Elastic c) Unitary elastic d) Perfectly elastic

Answer: Price Elasticity of Demand Price elasticity of demand is an economic measure of how demand for a good changes when the price of that good changes. It is calculated by taking the percentage change in quantity demanded (Q) and

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QUESTION 16 (4 Marks) 16. “Industry organization Agri SA has expressed concern about rising input costs in the agricultural sector, echoing concerns raised by the Agricultural Business Chamber (Agbiz) earlier this week. Agri SA says the cost of direct materials, labour and other overheads are particularly worrying, while Agbiz mentioned how fuel costs are gnawing at agribusiness’ profitability”. Sunshine markets is producing and selling sweet potatoes and they have been impacted by the rising costs. . If sweet potatoes and potatoes are substitute products, which diagram above illustrates the effect on the sweet potato market of a decrease in the price of potatoes? a) A b) B c) C d) D

Answer: Effect of Decrease in the Price of Potatoes on the Sweet Potato Market When the price of potatoes decreases, it will have an effect on the demand for sweet potatoes. If potatoes and sweet potatoes are substitutes for one

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QUESTION 15 (4 Marks) 15. The below figure shows a linear (straight-line) demand curve for Burger King Corporation. Starting at point A and then moving to point B and then point C, the price elasticity of demand a) Increases. b) Increases and then decreases. c) Decreases and then increases. d) Decreases.

Answer: b) Increases and then decreases. Explanation Price elasticity of demand is the degree of responsiveness of demand to a change in price. The figure shows a linear demand curve for Burger King Corporation. Starting at point A and then

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19. The following table shows the demand curve facing Jack’s Enterprise a monopolist who produces at a constant marginal cost of R5. Complete the table below and answer the question that follows Price Quantity TR MR 30 0 25 6 20 12 15 18 10 24 5 30 0 36 Calculate the firm’s economic profit. a) R270 b) R180 c) R210 d) R240

Answer: The correct answer is D. R240. The economic profit is the difference between the total revenue (TR) and the total cost (TC). The total cost is the marginal cost (MC) multiplied by the quantity (Q). In this case, the

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QUESTION 14 (4 Marks) 14. . Study the following demand and supply schedules and answer the questions that follow. Price Quantity demanded Quantity supplied Point a R10 65 30 Point b R20 50 50 Point c R30 35 70 Point d R40 20 90 Point e R50 5 110 What is the equilibrium price (EP) and equilibrium quantity (EQ)? a) EP (30); EQ (70) b) EP (20); EQ (50) c) EP(50); EQ(50) d) EP(40); EQ(70)

Answer: Equilibrium Price (EP) and Equilibrium Quantity (EQ) The equilibrium price (EP) and equilibrium quantity (EQ) for the given demand and supply schedules is EP (30); EQ (70). Supporting Subsections Demand and Supply Schedules Demand and supply schedules are used

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QUESTION 13 (4 Marks) 13. Cooking oil prices are up 60%. The spike in the price of cooking oils is expected to remain high over the next few months, and could possibly extend until the end of the year. The crisis, which has been on-going for over a year, has been largely due to a global shortage in oil producing crops. The demands for oil are high, and currently standing, South Africa does not produce enough vegetable oil to be able to meet local demand. As a result, it has pushed the industry to source oils from Europe; having our domestic prices being influenced by international oil prices. Source: https://oildrop.co.za/blog/cooking-oil-prices-succeeding-60percent-affect-the-south-african-market The diagram below illustrates the demand and supply of cooking oil NB: quantity x represents cooking oil Figure 1 Demand and supply for cooking oil If the demand curve for cooking oil shifts from D1 to D2, one could say that a) The quantity demanded of cooking oil has decreased to Q1 and price has fallen to P2. b) The price of coconut oil which is a substitute for cooking oil must have fallen. c) There has been an increase in demand for cooking oil . d) the higher price of cooking oil has caused the quantity demanded to fall from OQ1 to OQ2.

Answer: Impact of Cooking Oil Prices Increase The global price of cooking oil has increased by 60% in the past year due to a shortage of oil-producing crops. This has caused South Africa to source cooking oil from Europe, which

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QUESTION 12 (4 Marks) 12. Suppose you are an economic analyst studying consumer behaviour in a small town. You have gathered data on the demand for various goods in the local market. One of the goods you have been examining is a specific brand of instant noodles, known for its affordability and popularity among budget-conscious consumers. You have plotted the demand and supply curves for these instant noodles as shown in figure 12.1. Figure 12.1 Assuming that the instant noodles are a representative of an inferior good, which of the following could explain a movement from point p1q2 to point p1q1 in the figure above? a) an increase in the price of a complement b) an increase in buyers’ income c) a decrease in the buyers’ income d) an increase in the price of the good

Answer The movement from point p1q2 to point p1q1 in the figure 12.1 could be explained by a decrease in buyers’ income, which would result in a decrease in demand for the inferior good. Explanation Inferior goods are products that

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16. “Industry organization Agri SA has expressed concern about rising input costs in the agricultural sector, echoing concerns raised by the Agricultural Business Chamber (Agbiz) earlier this week. Agri SA says the cost of direct materials, labour and other overheads are particularly worrying, while Agbiz mentioned how fuel costs are gnawing at agribusiness’ profitability”. Sunshine markets is producing and selling sweet potatoes and they have been impacted by the rising costs. . If sweet potatoes and potatoes are substitute products, which diagram above illustrates the effect on the sweet potato market of a decrease in the price of potatoes? a) A b) B c) C d) D

Answer: Effect on Sweet Potato Market of a Decrease in Price of Potatoes When the price of potatoes decreases, it causes a shift in the demand curve for sweet potatoes to the right, as consumers switch from potatoes to sweet

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QUESTION 11 (4 Marks) 11. Which of the following is not true regarding Figure 11.1? Figure 11.1 a) Figure 11.1 represents a production function. b) Marginal product is zero with the hiring of the fifth worker. c) Diminishing returns first occur when the second worker is hired. d) Marginal costs are at maximum when the fifth worker is hired.

Answer: Which of the Following is Not True Regarding Figure 11.1? Figure 11.1 represents a production function, which is a graphical representation of how output increases with the addition of more inputs. The figure shows that as each worker is

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QUESTION 10 (4 Marks) 10. “Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger is putting the pressure on the U.S. government to help subsidize chip manufacturing, insisting the current reliance on plants in Taiwan and Korea as “geopolitically unstable.”” Which panel of Figure 10.1 would represent a situation where the above lobby action is successful given the current increasing usage of chips? Figure 10.1 a) A b) B c) C d) D

Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger’s Lobby Action Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger is putting the pressure on the U.S. government to help subsidize chip manufacturing, insisting the current reliance on plants in Taiwan and Korea as “geopolitically unstable”. He is asking for

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QUESTION 9 (4 Marks) 9. Imagine a small bakery that produces two types of bread: Whole Wheat Bread (Good A) and White Bread (Good B). Both of these bread types require similar production processes and are considered substitutes in production. The bakery has been operating in a stable market until recently. The demand for Good A (Whole Wheat Bread) increases due to a health trend that promotes whole wheat products. As a result, the increase in demand for Good A shift the a) demand curve for good B rightward. b) demand curve for good B leftward. c) supply curve of good B rightward. d) supply curve of good B leftward.

Answer: The answer to the question is b) demand curve for good B leftward. This is because when the demand for Good A (Whole Wheat Bread) increases, it takes away from the demand for Good B (White Bread) as the

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8. Sarah runs a small business selling handmade crafts. She recently increased the price of her most popular item, a unique hand-painted vase, from $20 to $25. As a result, the quantity demanded dropped from 100 vases per month to 80 vases per month. Given this scenario, what is the price elasticity of demand (PED) for Sarah’s hand-painted vases? a) 0.8 b) 1.2 c) 1.5 d) 2.0

Answer: Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) for Sarah’s Hand-Painted Vases The Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) for Sarah’s hand-painted vases is 1.2. This means that when the price of the vase increases by 25%, the quantity demanded drops by 20%.

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QUESTION 7 (4 Marks) 7. Bob is a local farmer who produces a unique type of heirloom tomatoes known for their exceptional flavour and texture. Due to their rarity and popularity among gourmet chefs, Bob is able to charge a premium price for his tomatoes. Recently, he decided to increase the price of his tomatoes by 30%, but he noticed that the quantity demanded remained the same. Despite the price hike, his customers continued to purchase the same amount of tomatoes without any hesitation. Based on the scenario, what type of demand elasticity does Bob’s heirloom tomatoes exhibit? a) Perfectly Elastic b) Perfectly Inelastic c) Relatively Elastic d) Relatively Inelastic

Answer: Bob’s heirloom tomatoes exhibit Perfectly Inelastic Demand Bob’s heirloom tomatoes have a uniquely delicious flavor and texture, making them popular among gourmet chefs. Because of their rarity, Bob is able to charge a premium price for his tomatoes. When

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10. “Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger is putting the pressure on the U.S. government to help subsidize chip manufacturing, insisting the current reliance on plants in Taiwan and Korea as “geopolitically unstable.”” Which panel of Figure 10.1 would represent a situation where the above lobby action is successful given the current increasing usage of chips? Figure 10.1 a) A b) B c) C d) D

Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger’s Lobby Action Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger is putting pressure on the U.S. government to help subsidize chip manufacturing, arguing the current reliance on plants in Taiwan and Korea is geopolitically unstable. If the lobby action is

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7. Bob is a local farmer who produces a unique type of heirloom tomatoes known for their exceptional flavour and texture. Due to their rarity and popularity among gourmet chefs, Bob is able to charge a premium price for his tomatoes. Recently, he decided to increase the price of his tomatoes by 30%, but he noticed that the quantity demanded remained the same. Despite the price hike, his customers continued to purchase the same amount of tomatoes without any hesitation. Based on the scenario, what type of demand elasticity does Bob’s heirloom tomatoes exhibit? a) Perfectly Elastic b) Perfectly Inelastic c) Relatively Elastic d) Relatively Inelastic

Answer: Bob’s Heirloom Tomatoes Exhibit Perfectly Inelastic Demand Bob’s heirloom tomatoes exhibit perfectly inelastic demand, meaning that a change in price does not impact the quantity of tomatoes demanded by customers. This is evidenced by the fact that when Bob

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QUESTION 6 (4 Marks) 6. Assume that a packet of facial tissue costs $2.50 and a packet of baby wipes costs $5.00. The opportunity cost of producing eight facial tissues in money terms when moving from combination B to C is Combination Facial tissues Baby wipes A 0 16 B 6 14 C 8 11 D 10 7 E 12 0 a) $2.50. b) $5.00. c) $7.50. d) $10.

Answer The correct answer is C) $7.50. Opportunity cost is the cost of the next best alternative, which in this case is the cost of 8 facial tissues when moving from combination B to C – that is, from 6

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QUESTION 6 (4 Marks) 6. Assume that a packet of facial tissue costs $2.50 and a packet of baby wipes costs $5.00. The opportunity cost of producing eight facial tissues in money terms when moving from combination B to C is Combination Facial tissues Baby wipes A 0 16 B 6 14 C 8 11 D 10 7 E 12 0 a) $2.50. b) $5.00. c) $7.50. d) $10.

Answer The opportunity cost of producing 8 facial tissues in money terms when moving from combination B to C is $7.50. This is calculated by subtracting the total cost of combination B (6 facial tissues, 14 baby wipes = $20.00)

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4. Sarah owns the only bakery in a small town, and she specializes in a unique type of pastry that has gained immense popularity. Due to high demand and limited competition, Sarah has a virtual monopoly on this pastry. As a result, she can set the price at a level that maximizes her profits. Sarah is currently the sole provider of this pastry in the town, giving her significant market power in the short run. The Figure below relates to the short-run monopoly equilibrium of Sarah’s bakery. Use the figure to answer question 4 and 5 The monopolist profit per unit is equal to a) R100. b) R250. c) R280. d) R460. QUESTION 5 (4 Marks) 5. The total cost of the monopolist is equal to a) R28 000. b) R45 000. c) R18 000. d) R25 000.

Answer: Short Run Monopoly Equilibrium of Sarah’s Bakery Sarah owns the only bakery in a small town, and she specializes in a unique type of pastry that has gained immense popularity. Due to high demand and limited competition, Sarah has

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Suppose you are a manager at a local coffee shop, and you have recently raised the price of café lattes from R15 to R20 per cup. When the price of café lattes rises from R15 to R20, the quantity demanded decreases from 2000 to 1200 café lattes per day. Use this information to answer the question. How would you classify the demand for café lattes, as calculated above? a) Price inelastic b) Unitarily price elastic c) Price elastic d) Perfectly price elastic

Answer: Price Inelastic Demand When the price of café lattes rises from R15 to R20, the quantity demanded decreases from 2000 to 1200 café lattes per day. This indicates a price inelastic demand, meaning that the quantity of café lattes

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QUESTION 4 (4 Marks) 4. Sarah owns the only bakery in a small town, and she specializes in a unique type of pastry that has gained immense popularity. Due to high demand and limited competition, Sarah has a virtual monopoly on this pastry. As a result, she can set the price at a level that maximizes her profits. Sarah is currently the sole provider of this pastry in the town, giving her significant market power in the short run. The Figure below relates to the short-run monopoly equilibrium of Sarah’s bakery. Use the figure to answer question 4 and 5 The monopolist profit per unit is equal to a) R100. b) R250. c) R280. d) R460.

Answer: Short-run Monopoly Equilibrium of Sarah’s Bakery The figure below shows the short-run monopoly equilibrium of Sarah’s bakery. In this case, the monopolist’s profit per unit is equal to R280. This is the price that Sarah can charge in order

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